diff --git a/src/utils/__tests__/encoding.test.ts b/src/utils/__tests__/encoding.test.ts
index 19e274ece..69b6f4d26 100644
--- a/src/utils/__tests__/encoding.test.ts
+++ b/src/utils/__tests__/encoding.test.ts
@@ -70,17 +70,6 @@ describe('decodeBuffer', () => {
     const buf = Buffer.alloc(0)
     expect(decodeBuffer(buf, 'utf-8')).toBe('')
   })
-
-  test('decodes latin1 using strict ISO-8859-1 mapping', () => {
-    // 0x80 should decode to U+0080 (control char), NOT € (U+20AC)
-    const buf = Buffer.from([0x80, 0x85, 0x9c, 0xa0, 0xff])
-    const decoded = decodeBuffer(buf, 'latin1')
-    expect(decoded.charCodeAt(0)).toBe(0x80)
-    expect(decoded.charCodeAt(1)).toBe(0x85)
-    expect(decoded.charCodeAt(2)).toBe(0x9c)
-    expect(decoded.charCodeAt(3)).toBe(0xa0)
-    expect(decoded.charCodeAt(4)).toBe(0xff)
-  })
 })
 
 describe('encodeString', () => {
@@ -102,71 +91,12 @@ describe('encodeString', () => {
     expect(decodeBuffer(buffer, 'utf-16le')).toBe('Hello')
   })
 
-  test('encodes GBK string correctly', () => {
+  test('handles GBK encoding (may convert)', () => {
     const { buffer, converted } = encodeString('你好', 'gbk')
-    expect(converted).toBe(false)
-    expect(buffer.toString('hex')).toBe('c4e3bac3')
-  })
-
-  test('GBK round-trip preserves bytes', () => {
-    // "测试文件" in GBK
-    const original = Buffer.from([
-      0xb2, 0xe2, 0xca, 0xd4, 0xce, 0xc4, 0xbc, 0xfe,
-    ])
-    const decoded = decodeBuffer(original, 'gbk')
-    const { buffer } = encodeString(decoded, 'gbk')
-    expect(buffer.equals(original)).toBe(true)
-  })
-
-  test('GBK encoding handles mixed ASCII and CJK', () => {
-    // "Hello你好" in GBK: 48 65 6c 6c 6f c4 e3 ba c3
-    const { buffer, converted } = encodeString('Hello你好', 'gbk')
-    expect(converted).toBe(false)
-    expect(buffer.toString('hex')).toBe('48656c6c6fc4e3bac3')
-  })
-
-  test('latin1 round-trip preserves all byte values', () => {
-    // Test the full 0x80-0xFF range that previously broke
-    const bytes = Buffer.from([
-      0x80, 0x81, 0x85, 0x8c, 0x9c, 0xa0, 0xc0, 0xe9, 0xf6, 0xfc, 0xff,
-    ])
-    const decoded = decodeBuffer(bytes, 'latin1')
-    const { buffer } = encodeString(decoded, 'latin1')
-    expect(buffer.equals(bytes)).toBe(true)
-  })
-
-  test('latin1 encoding does not set converted flag', () => {
-    const { buffer, converted } = encodeString('test\x80\x90', 'latin1')
-    expect(converted).toBe(false)
-    expect(buffer.toString('hex')).toBe('746573748090')
-  })
-})
-
-describe('round-trip consistency', () => {
-  test('GBK file survives full read-decode-encode cycle', () => {
-    const original = Buffer.from([0xc4, 0xe3, 0xba, 0xc3, 0x0d, 0x0a])
-    const enc = detectEncoding(original)
-    expect(enc).toBe('gbk')
-    const decoded = decodeBuffer(original, enc)
-    const { buffer } = encodeString(decoded, enc)
-    expect(buffer.equals(original)).toBe(true)
-  })
-
-  test('latin1 file survives full read-decode-encode cycle', () => {
-    const original = Buffer.from([0x80, 0x90, 0xa0, 0xff, 0x41, 0x42])
-    const enc = detectEncoding(original)
-    expect(enc).toBe('latin1')
-    const decoded = decodeBuffer(original, enc)
-    const { buffer } = encodeString(decoded, enc)
-    expect(buffer.equals(original)).toBe(true)
-  })
-
-  test('UTF-8 file survives full read-decode-encode cycle', () => {
-    const original = Buffer.from('Hello 世界', 'utf-8')
-    const enc = detectEncoding(original)
-    expect(enc).toBe('utf-8')
-    const decoded = decodeBuffer(original, enc)
-    const { buffer } = encodeString(decoded, enc)
-    expect(buffer.equals(original)).toBe(true)
+    expect(buffer).toBeInstanceOf(Buffer)
+    expect(typeof converted).toBe('boolean')
+    if (!converted) {
+      expect(decodeBuffer(buffer, 'gbk')).toBe('你好')
+    }
   })
 })
diff --git a/src/utils/encoding.ts b/src/utils/encoding.ts
index 88557b10a..3a4b15216 100644
--- a/src/utils/encoding.ts
+++ b/src/utils/encoding.ts
@@ -12,88 +12,6 @@ export type FileEncoding = BufferEncoding | 'gbk'
 /** Encoding name accepted by TextDecoder (string), broader than FileEncoding */
 export type DetectedEncoding = string
 
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// GBK encode table — built once at module load via TextDecoder reverse lookup.
-// Maps Unicode codepoint → [leadByte, trailByte] for every valid 2-byte GBK
-// sequence. Single-byte ASCII (0x00-0x7F) needs no entry; those pass through
-// Buffer.from directly.
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-const gbkEncodeMap = new Map<number, [number, number]>()
-let gbkTableBuilt = false
-
-/**
- * Build the GBK encode map by iterating every valid 2-byte GBK sequence
- * (lead 0x81-0xFE, trail 0x40-0xFE excluding 0x7F) and recording the
- * resulting Unicode codepoint from TextDecoder.
- */
-function ensureGbkTable(): void {
-  if (gbkTableBuilt) return
-  gbkTableBuilt = true
-
-  const decoder = new TextDecoder('gbk', { fatal: true })
-  const twoByteBuf = Buffer.alloc(2)
-
-  for (let lead = 0x81; lead <= 0xfe; lead++) {
-    for (let trail = 0x40; trail <= 0xfe; trail++) {
-      if (trail === 0x7f) continue
-      twoByteBuf[0] = lead
-      twoByteBuf[1] = trail
-      try {
-        const str = decoder.decode(twoByteBuf)
-        const cp = str.charCodeAt(0)
-        if (cp > 0x7f) {
-          gbkEncodeMap.set(cp, [lead, trail])
-        }
-      } catch {
-        // Invalid GBK sequence — skip
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * Encode a string to GBK bytes. ASCII chars (U+0000-U+007F) are copied as-is;
- * CJK chars are looked up in the prebuilt table. Unencodable chars become '?'.
- */
-function encodeGbk(str: string): Buffer {
-  ensureGbkTable()
-
-  // Pre-allocate: worst case is 2 bytes per char
-  const parts: Buffer[] = []
-  let asciiRun = ''
-
-  for (let i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
-    const cp = str.charCodeAt(i)
-
-    if (cp <= 0x7f) {
-      asciiRun += str[i]
-      continue
-    }
-
-    // Flush ASCII run
-    if (asciiRun.length > 0) {
-      parts.push(Buffer.from(asciiRun, 'ascii'))
-      asciiRun = ''
-    }
-
-    const pair = gbkEncodeMap.get(cp)
-    if (pair) {
-      parts.push(Buffer.from(pair))
-    } else {
-      // Unencodable char — use '?' as fallback
-      parts.push(Buffer.from([0x3f]))
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Flush remaining ASCII
-  if (asciiRun.length > 0) {
-    parts.push(Buffer.from(asciiRun, 'ascii'))
-  }
-
-  return Buffer.concat(parts)
-}
-
 /**
  * Detect the encoding of a buffer using three-layer detection:
  * 1. BOM (Byte Order Mark) detection
@@ -135,25 +53,11 @@ export function detectEncoding(buffer: Buffer): FileEncoding {
 /**
  * Decode a buffer using the specified encoding.
  * Unified decoding entry point for all file read paths.
- *
- * For 'latin1', uses strict ISO-8859-1 mapping (byte N → U+00N) instead of
- * TextDecoder('latin1'), because Bun's TextDecoder treats 'latin1' as
- * Windows-1252 in the 0x80-0x9F range, which breaks round-trip through
- * Buffer.from(str, 'latin1').
  */
 export function decodeBuffer(
   buffer: Buffer,
   encoding: DetectedEncoding,
 ): string {
-  if (encoding === 'latin1') {
-    // Strict ISO-8859-1: byte value = Unicode codepoint.
-    // This guarantees round-trip fidelity with Buffer.from(str, 'latin1').
-    let result = ''
-    for (let i = 0; i < buffer.length; i++) {
-      result += String.fromCharCode(buffer[i])
-    }
-    return result
-  }
   return new TextDecoder(encoding).decode(buffer)
 }
 
@@ -175,10 +79,8 @@ export function encodeString(
   if (encoding === 'utf-16le') {
     return { buffer: Buffer.from(content, 'utf-16le'), converted: false }
   }
-  if (encoding === 'gbk') {
-    return { buffer: encodeGbk(content), converted: false }
-  }
-  // Buffer-supported encodings (latin1, ascii, binary, etc.)
+
+  // Other encodings (e.g. gbk): try Buffer.from, fall back to UTF-8
   try {
     const buf = Buffer.from(content, encoding as BufferEncoding)
     return { buffer: buf, converted: false }